This looks to be some race (does not fail always) [1].

It has been here at least since build 20221123 [2]
which has 6.0.8-1.1 (1579d93) (likely before, but older failed logs cleared, it
might be just on 6.0.x stable branch).

ppc64le version looks to be OK [3].

I was not able to reproduce it on my laptop (6.1.0-rc8-2.g2fb1790-default),
nor in my openQA instance [4] (might be related to o3 setup/infrastructure).

Logs from openQA run (./klp_tc_8.sh) [5], nothing obvious in dmesg [6].

[19:26:53] Test Case 8: Patch with replace-all
[19:26:53] *** Compiling live patches
[19:26:53] make: Entering directory
'/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:26:54]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_1/klp_tc_8_1_livepatch.o
[19:26:55]   MODPOST /tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_1/Module.symvers
[19:26:55]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_1/klp_tc_8_1_livepatch.mod.o
[19:26:55]   LD [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_1/klp_tc_8_1_livepatch.ko
[19:26:55]   BTF [M]
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_1/klp_tc_8_1_livepatch.ko
[19:26:55] Skipping BTF generation for
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_1/klp_tc_8_1_livepatch.ko due to
unavailability of vmlinux
[19:26:55] make: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:26:55] make: Entering directory
'/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:26:56]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_2/klp_tc_8_2_livepatch.o
[19:26:56]   MODPOST /tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_2/Module.symvers
[19:26:56]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_2/klp_tc_8_2_livepatch.mod.o
[19:26:57]   LD [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_2/klp_tc_8_2_livepatch.ko
[19:26:57]   BTF [M]
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_2/klp_tc_8_2_livepatch.ko
[19:26:57] Skipping BTF generation for
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_2/klp_tc_8_2_livepatch.ko due to
unavailability of vmlinux
[19:26:57] make: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:26:57] make: Entering directory
'/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:26:58]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_3/klp_tc_8_3_livepatch.o
[19:26:58]   MODPOST /tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_3/Module.symvers
[19:26:58]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_3/klp_tc_8_3_livepatch.mod.o
[19:26:58]   LD [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_3/klp_tc_8_3_livepatch.ko
[19:26:58]   BTF [M]
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_3/klp_tc_8_3_livepatch.ko
[19:26:58] Skipping BTF generation for
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_3/klp_tc_8_3_livepatch.ko due to
unavailability of vmlinux
[19:26:58] make: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:26:58] make: Entering directory
'/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:26:59]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_4/klp_tc_8_4_livepatch.o
[19:27:00]   MODPOST /tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_4/Module.symvers
[19:27:00]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_4/klp_tc_8_4_livepatch.mod.o
[19:27:00]   LD [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_4/klp_tc_8_4_livepatch.ko
[19:27:00]   BTF [M]
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_4/klp_tc_8_4_livepatch.ko
[19:27:00] Skipping BTF generation for
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_4/klp_tc_8_4_livepatch.ko due to
unavailability of vmlinux
[19:27:00] make: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:27:00] make: Entering directory
'/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:27:01]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_5/klp_tc_8_5_livepatch.o
[19:27:01]   MODPOST /tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_5/Module.symvers
[19:27:01]   CC [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_5/klp_tc_8_5_livepatch.mod.o
[19:27:01]   LD [M] 
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_5/klp_tc_8_5_livepatch.ko
[19:27:01]   BTF [M]
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_5/klp_tc_8_5_livepatch.ko
[19:27:01] Skipping BTF generation for
/tmp/live-patch/tc_8/patch_replace-all_5/klp_tc_8_5_livepatch.ko due to
unavailability of vmlinux
[19:27:01] make: Leaving directory '/usr/src/linux-6.0.12-1-obj/x86_64/default'
[19:27:01] *** Inserting getpid patch 1
[19:27:02] *** Wait for completion (klp_tc_8_1_livepatch)
[19:27:02] *** Inserting getpid patch 2
[19:27:02] *** Wait for completion (klp_tc_8_2_livepatch)
[19:27:02] *** Inserting getpid patch 3
[19:27:02] *** Wait for completion (klp_tc_8_3_livepatch)
[19:27:02] *** Inserting getpid patch 4
[19:27:02] *** Wait for completion (klp_tc_8_4_livepatch)
[19:27:02] *** Inserting getpid patch 5
[19:27:02] *** Wait for completion (klp_tc_8_5_livepatch)
[19:27:02] *** Removing getpid patch 1
[19:27:02] *** Removing getpid patch 2
[19:27:02] *** Removing getpid patch 3
[19:27:02] *** Removing getpid patch 4
[19:27:02] rmmod: ERROR: Module klp_tc_8_4_livepatch is in use
[19:27:02] *** Removing patches
[19:27:02] TEST FAILED while executing 'rmmod "$PATCH_MOD_NAME"'

[1] https://openqa.opensuse.org/tests/2947725#next_previous
[2] https://openqa.opensuse.org/tests/2899233
[3] https://openqa.opensuse.org/tests/2948060#next_previous
[4] http://quasar.suse.cz/tests/1446#next_previous
[5] https://openqa.opensuse.org/tests/2947725/file/serial_terminal.txt
[6] https://openqa.opensuse.org/tests/2947725/file/serial0.txt