Comment # 32 on bug 1076779 from Franck Bui

I'm not sure it's the right thing to do though. I don't think udev is supposed
to fully work in a chroot (or even in a container).

To answer your question the database is located in /run/udev so this directory
can be bind mounted from the host to the chroot. But again it seems a hack and
even if it works in your case, relying on udev in a chroot seems fragile.