Next insight: To rule out possible influences from possibly different system configurations, I used the Tumbleweed network installer as a minimal and standardised DHCP client on two different machines. One of these machines was the reactivated notebook mentioned above, which receives DHCP responses when running the installed Linux system. In both cases, the DHCP client received no network configuration via DHCP. This really is a mystery! But I believe we can conclude that it is a server issue, especially since also Android clients are affected. What else can I do to investigate this further? (Assuming someone is reading this at all …)