Applying your patch to the current 4.1.4 kernel and starting without specifying drm_kms_helper.dp_aux_i2c_transfer_size works, i.e. the external monitor/dongle show up correctly. However, unlike the kernel parameter, it seems the resolution on the external monitor during boot and on the (kdm) login screen seems to be off. My external monitor has a native resolution of 1400x1050, but everything before logging in looks more like 1024x768 or some such. Nevertheless, it fixes the original problem!