Comment # 1 on bug 1212571 from Dr. Werner Fink

Hmmm ...

 texlive/2023> rpm -qvf /etc/texmf/ls-R
 texlive-filesystem-2023.198-0.noarch

 texlive/2023> zypper info --requires texlive-scheme-small | grep
texlive-collection-basic
     texlive-collection-basic >= 2023

 texlive/2023> zypper info --requires texlive-collection-basic | grep
texlive-scripts
     texlive-scripts >= 2023

and finally

 texlive/2023> rpm -q -R texlive-scripts | grep texlive-filesystem
 texlive-filesystem >= 2023
 texlive-filesystem >= 2023
 texlive-filesystem >= 2023

... also texlive-kpathsea and texlive-kpathsea-bin are required

Please try as root

  VERBOSE=debug /usr/share/texmf/texconfig/update force

and attach the resulting /tmp/update.<random_string>