So, after updating tumbleweed, I was no longer able to use the sudo command and
got the above error message.

NAME="openSUSE Tumbleweed"
# VERSION="20221103"

It seems the error stems from the revised patch (?):
https://build.opensuse.org/request/show/1032755


I was able to get the desired result: = entering the user password instead of
root password after adding the apparently previous default settings from my
system in yast after the update:
https://i.ibb.co/M9JZgpz/Bildschirmfoto-vom-2022-11-04-22-51-13.png
https://i.ibb.co/q92JdsP/Bildschirmfoto-vom-2022-11-04-22-51-26.png

works as expected, asks for user password now instead of root....



So if that's the intention, the patch needs to be revised again.