I found out, that if I wait for about 30 seconds before entering the LUKS passphrase for the root partition in the plymouth dialog, I don't get the additional boot time and the "timeout". Instead I get systemd[1]: Unnecessary job was removed for /dev/disk/by-uuid/47c6783a-2b0$740*bd3$f0f43f63d8c. as in kernel 6.8.1. This does neither explain to me, why this crippled device name exists, nor why waiting 30 seconds will help, but perhaps someone else can see whats going on here.