Mailinglist Archive: opensuse-edu (103 mails)

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Azrael

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<section>
<c props="font-size:24pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline">SQUID cache proxy server documentation (Squid2.3.STABLE4)</c>



<c props="font-size:22pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline">Contents:</c>



<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">1) Requirements of the Linux Setup</c>
<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">2) How to Install Squid</c>
<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">3) How to Configure Squid</c>
<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">4) Configuration Specific to Your Server</c>
<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">5) Running Squid</c>
<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">6) Testing Squid Works</c>



<c props="font-size:22pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline">Appendices:</c>



<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">A) Setting Squid to Run on Server Boot-up</c>
<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">B) Additional Compile and Configure Options for Squid</c>
<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">C) How to Edit Files in Linux</c>
<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">D) Squid Command Line Options</c>
<c props="font-size:20pt; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none">E) Handling Log Files</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:20pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">F) Using ‘Squeezer’ and ‘Webalizer’ to Monitor Squid.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:20pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">G) ‘GNU Free Document License’ - License Details</c>













<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:18pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> Copyright (c) 2000 Stephen ‘Azrael’ Ogden.</c>



<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.</c>





Comments, suggestions, errata, ideas and requests for help can be made to:
<c props="text-decoration:underline">psuedo_azrael@xxxxxxxxxxx</c>
























<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:18pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">1) Requirements of the Linux Setup</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">Install linux with kernel support for the following:</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">Sysctl support</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">TCP/IP networking</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">IP: firewalling</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">IP: always defragment</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">IP: transparent proxy support</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">/proc file-system support</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt">(RED HAT 6.2 default is sufficient)</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">For the following instructions a USER called</c><c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt"> ‘</c><c props="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt">squid</c><c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt">’ </c><c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">is used, you are advised to set up this user when installing linux, or afterwards if you know how (during Red Hat 6.2 installation you are prompted to create additional users to root).</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">Once the kernel is up and running you need to enable IP forwarding. This is usually off by default.</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">To check your status, run as root:</c>

 su
 ********** <c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt"><- password</c>
 cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">If this returns '0' then it is off, and '1' means it is on.</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">To ‘switch’ it on:</c>

 echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">(This will need to be done after each reboot unless you insert it into a boot-up script: see appendix A)</c>









<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:20pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">2) How to Install Squid</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">Download squid from:</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">http://squid.nlanr.net/Squid/ </c><c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt">I used squid-2.3.STABLE4</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">Install squid:</c>

 gunzip squid*.gz
 tar -xvf squid*.tar
 cd squid*/
 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/squid
 make all
 make install

































<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:18pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">3) How to Configure Squid.conf</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">You then need to edit the configuration file, here we will use the simple text editor called ‘pico’</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">Always backup the squid.conf before making changes:</c>

 cp /usr/local/squid/etc/squid.conf /usr/local/squid/etc/squid.conf.bak

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">Then we edit:</c>
 pico /usr/local/squid/etc/squid.conf

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">The following lines need to be added in/uncommented:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> http_port 8080</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_peer isdncache.rmplc.co.uk parent 8080 7 no-query</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> hierarchy_stoplist cgi-bin ?</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl QUERY urlpath_regex cgi-bin \?</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> no_cache deny QUERY</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_mem 8 MB</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_swap_low 90</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_swap_high 95</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_dir ufs /usr/local/squid/cache 100 16 256</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_access_log /usr/local/squid/logs/access.log</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_log /usr/local/squid/logs/cache.log</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_store_log /usr/local/squid/logs/store.log</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> mime_table /usr/local/squid/etc/mime.conf</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> pid_filename /usr/local/squid/logs/squid.pid</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> debug_options ALL,1</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> log_fqdn off</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> client_netmask 255.255.255.255</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> dns_nameservers 194.238.48.2 194.238.48.3</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> pinger_program /usr/local/squid/bin/pinger</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> refresh_pattern ^ftp: 1440 20% 10080</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> refresh_pattern ^gopher: 1440 0% 1440</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> refresh_pattern . 0 20% 4320</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl all src 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl manager proto cache_object</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl localhost src 127.0.0.1/255.255.255.255</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl SSL_ports port 443 563</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl Safe_ports port 80 21 443 563 70 210 1025-65535</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl Safe_ports port 280 </c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl Safe_ports port 488 </c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl Safe_ports port 591 </c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl Safe_ports port 777 </c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl CONNECT method CONNECT</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> http_access allow manager localhost</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> http_access deny manager</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> http_access deny !Safe_ports</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> http_access deny CONNECT !SSL_ports</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> http_access allow all</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> icp_access allow all</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> miss_access allow all</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_mgr banned@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_effective_user squid</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_effective_group squid</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> visible_hostname kesw.intranet</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl local-intranet dstdomain 212.207.125.3</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl local-external dstdomain external 194.238.48.2</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> always_direct allow local-external</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> always_direct allow local-intranet</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> never_direct allow all</c>
































<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:18pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">4) Configuration Specific to Your Server</c>


<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Details in the above will need to be altered for your specific details, those </c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">are:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Your current proxy server:</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_peer </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">isdncache.rmplc.co.uk</c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> parent </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">8080</c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> 7 no-query</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Your netmask:</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> client_netmask </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">255.255.255.0</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">The DNS of your network, here two are listed:</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> dns_nameservers </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">194.238.48.2</c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">194.238.48.3</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">The e-mail address of your cache manager:</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_mgr </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">blah@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Username and group name of a user in linux:</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_effective_user </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">squid</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> cache_effective_group </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">squid</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">If you want to present a special hostname in error messages:</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> visible_hostname </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">kesw.intranet</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">IP address of the main network server/gateway:</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl local-intranet dstdomain </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">212.207.125.3</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">IP address of DNS:</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> acl local-external dstdomain external </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:underline; text-position:normal">194.238.48.2</c>













<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:20pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">5) Running Squid</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">At this stage you are nearing completion, with just a few steps left.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">In order to make sure that squid can be run by the ‘user’ you specified we run the commands:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> su</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> ************ </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"><- PASSWORD</c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> </c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> chown -R squid:squid /usr/local/squid</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may need to actually make the ‘squid’ group and user:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> useradd squid</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> groupadd squid</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Making the group and user will give you errors if they already exist, hence it is worth giving it a shot if the chown command fails (make sure you are the superuser ‘su’).</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Then we run squid itself with an option to initialise cache directories:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> /usr/local/squid/bin/squid -z</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Then after a few moments (when that has completed) we run:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> /usr/local/squid/bin/squid -s -Y -D</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Squid should now be running. To test whether squid runs, and stays running, run the following command:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> ps ax</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You should see several instances of squid processes, eg:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> /usr/local/squid/bin/squid -s -Y -D</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> (squid) -s -Y -D</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> (unlinkd)</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">After a few minutes run the ‘ps ax’ command again to see if squid is still running or has crashed. If squid has crashed, then analysis of the log files for squid and linux could be helpful:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> more /usr/local/squid/logs/cache.log</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> more /var/log/messages</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Even though your Squid cache proxy server may be running, your configuration may not be right, to test this you must fire up your web browser of choice, change your proxy settings to the IP address of the new proxy server running squid, and start calling up pages. If the pages appear, then the proxy is working.</c>





































<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:20pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">6) Testing Squid Works</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">To test for caching, open your browser and delete all temp internet files (in internet options), or even log onto a different machine (don’t forget to alter proxy settings to the squid server) then call up the previously visited pages, they should appear faster.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Your squid cache proxy server will probably need tweaking... but I leave that to you.</c>

Some ideas:
Adding the following to squid.conf 
(Changes can be activated by ‘/usr/local/squid/bin/squid -k reconfigure’ rather than rebooting)

acl badURL url_regex -i “/usr/local/squid/etc/badwords.ban”
acl banned dstdomain “/usr/local/squid/etc/domains.ban”
acl bannedip dst “/usr/local/squid/etc/ips.ban”
acl files urlpath_regex -i “/usr/local/squid/etc/files.ban”
http_access deny all banned
http_access deny all bannedip
http_access deny all badURL
http_access deny all files

Allows you to make files for badwords, domains, ip’s and files that you want to block.
make the above *.ban file sin the /usr/local/squid/etc/ directory and then edit them to be:

pico badwords.ban
^http://*xxx*
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">^http://*</c>sex<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">*</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">^http://*</c>chat<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">*</c>

pico domains.ban
www.thundergame.com
www.wwfsmackdown.com
www.dragonballs.com

pico ips.ban
206.103.131.56
209.6.217.49
198.144.231.56

pico files.ban
.exe$
.zip$
.mp3$

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:18pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Appendix A) Setting Squid to Run on Server Boot-up</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Installing commands into a ‘boot-up script’ eg the command to enable ip_forwarding.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> pico /etc/rc.d/rc.local Red Hat System</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> pico /etc/rc.d/init.d/boot.local S.U.S.E. System</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">To the bottom of that document add:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> /usr/local/squid/bin/squid -s -Y -D</c>


































<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:18pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Appendix B) Additional Compile and Config Options for Squid</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">When configuring Squid in part 2 adding additional command line options to the ./configure script may be desired.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">./configure --prefix=/usr/local/squid --enable-useragent_log --enable-icmp --enable-DHEAP_REPLACEMENT</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Squid.conf options:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">useragent_log /usr/local/squid/logs/useragent.log ## Only if --enable-useragent_log was added to ./configure</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">log_fqdn on</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">pinger_program /usr/local/squid/bin/pinger</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">replacement_policy LFUDA ## Only if --enable-DHEAP_REPLACEMENT added to ./configure</c>


<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Can I make Squid go direct for some sites? Sure, just use the always_direct access list.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">For example, if you want Squid to connect directly to hotmail.com servers, you can use these lines</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">in your config file:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">acl hotmail dstdomain .hotmail.passport.com </c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">always_direct allow hotmail</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">To make squid block access to hotmail between certain hours on certain days:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">acl hotmail dstdomain .hotmail.passport.com </c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">acl schoolhours time MTWHFA 09:00-16:00</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">http_access deny hotmail schoolhours</c>

 Note: Sunday-Saturday = SMTWHFA
 Time: 24 hour clock ??:??-??:??








<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:18pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Appendix C) How to Edit Files in Linux</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">How to edit files using ‘pico’:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Open your file using absolute path, eg the squid.conf:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">pico /etc/local/squid/etc/squid.conf</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Edit normally, key commands are:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Ctrl-y scroll up</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Ctrl-v scroll down</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Ctrl-^ set mark for cutting</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Ctrl-k cut</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Ctrl-u paste</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Ctrl-o save</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Ctrl-x exit with prompt to save</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Note that the mouse won’t be usable, so the arrow-keys need to be used to ‘move’ around the file.</c>























<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:20pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">D) Squid Command Line Options</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">These are the command line options for Squid-2:</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-a Specify an alternate port number for incoming HTTP requests. Useful for testing a configuration file on a non-standard port.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-d Debugging level for ``stderr'' messages. If you use this option, then debugging messages up to the specified level will also be written to stderr.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-f Specify an alternate squid.conf file instead of the pathname compiled into the executable.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-h Prints the usage and help message.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-k reconfigure Sends a HUP signal, which causes Squid to re-read its configuration files.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-k rotate Sends an USR1 signal, which causes Squid to rotate its log files. Note, if logfile_rotate is set to zero, Squid still closes and re-opens all log files.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-k shutdown Sends a TERM signal, which causes Squid to wait briefly for current connections to finish and then exit. The amount of time to wait is specified with shutdown_lifetime.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-k interrupt Sends an INT signal, which causes Squid to shutdown immediately, without waiting for current connections.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-k kill Sends a KILL signal, which causes the Squid process to exit immediately, without closing any connections or log files. Use this only as a last resort.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-k debug Sends an USR2 signal, which causes Squid to generate full debugging messages until the next USR2 signal is recieved. Obviously very useful for debugging problems.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-k check Sends a ``ZERO'' signal to the Squid process. This </c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt"> simply checks whether or not the process is actually running.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-s Send debugging (level 0 only) message to syslog.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-u Specify an alternate port number for ICP messages. Useful for testing a configuration file on a non-standard port.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-v Prints the Squid version.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-z Creates disk swap directories. You must use this option when installing Squid for the first time, or when you add or modify the cache_dir configuration.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-D Do not make initial DNS tests. Normally, Squid looks up some well-known DNS hostnames to ensure that your DNS name resolution service is working properly.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-F If the swap.state logs are clean, then the cache is rebuilt in the ``foreground'' before any requests are served. This will decrease the time required to rebuild the cache, but HTTP requests will not be satisified during this time.</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-N Do not automatically become a background daemon process.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-R Do not set the SO_REUSEADDR option on sockets.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-V Enable virtual host support for the httpd-accelerator mode. This is identical to writing</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt"> httpd_accel_host virtual in the config file.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-X Enable full debugging while parsing the config file.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">-Y Return ICP_OP_MISS_NOFETCH instead of ICP_OP_MISS while the swap.state file is being read. If your cache has mostly child caches which use ICP, this will allow your cache to rebuild faster.</c>








































<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:20pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">E) Handling Log Files</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">Which log files can I delete safely? You should never delete access.log, store.log, cache.log, or swap.state while Squid is running. </c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">The correct way to maintain your log files is with Squid's ‘’rotate'' feature. You should rotate your log files at least once per day. The current log files are closed and then renamed with</c>
<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">numeric extensions (.0, .1, etc). </c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">If you want to, you can write your own scripts to archive or remove the old log files. If not, Squid will only keep up to logfile_rotate versions of each log file. The logfile rotation procedure also writes a clean swap.state file, but it does not leave numbered versions of the old files.</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">To rotate Squid's logs, simple use this command:</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt"> </c><c props="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt"> /usr/local/squid/bin/squid -k rotate</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">For example, use this cron entry to rotate the logs at midnight:</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt"> </c><c props="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt">0 0 * * * /usr/local/squid/bin/squid -k rotate</c>


<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">How to set a cron entry: </c>

<c props="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt"> pico /usr/local/squid/etc/squid.tab</c>

<c props="font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt">Type:</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> 0 0 * * * /usr/local/squid/bin/squid -k rotate</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Exit + Save</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">crontab squid.tab</c>







<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:20pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">F) Using ‘Squeezer’ and ‘Webalizer’ to Monitor Squid.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Outputting simple and complex (respectively) graphical web-pages to display analysis of Squid log files.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">These require you to have a functional web server, and is out of the remit of this guide.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Squeezer: </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">http://www.uck.uni.torun.pl/~maciek/w3cache/</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Webalizer: </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Verdana; font-size:12pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">http://www.uck.uni.torun.pl/~maciek/w3cache</c>



Webalizer:

gunzip <filename>.tar,gz
tar -xvf <filename>.tar
cd <filename>

./configure
make
make install

cp webalizer /usr/local/squid/bin/

pico /etc/webalizer.conf

The rest should be self explanatory.. read webalizer README and INSTALL files.
But files will need to be pointed at your web-server (apache) if it is running on the same machine.
Kept under /usr/local/httpd/ on some versions of linux.





















<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:20pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">G) ‘GNU Free Document License’ - License Details</c>


<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> </c><c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:16pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">GNU Free Documentation License</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:16pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> Version 1.1, March 2000</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">0. PREAMBLE</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">written document “free” in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">modifications made by others.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">license designed for free software.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">software, because free software needs free documentation: a free</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">under the terms of this License. The “Document”, below, refers to any</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">addressed as “you”.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">modifications and/or translated into another language.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">them.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">that says that the Document is released under this License.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the Document is released under this License.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">represented in a format whose specification is available to the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">processing tools are not generally available, and the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">purposes only.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">preceding the beginning of the body of the text.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">2. VERBATIM COPYING</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">you may publicly display copies.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">as verbatim copying in other respects.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">pages.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the public.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">4. MODIFICATIONS</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> if the original publisher of that version gives permission.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> Modified Version, as the publisher.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> adjacent to the other copyright notices.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">I. Preserve the section entitled “History”, and its title, and add to</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> there is no section entitled “History” in the Document, create one</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> Version as stated in the previous sentence.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> the network locations given in the Document for previous versions</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> You may omit a network location for a work that was published at</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> least four years before the Document itself, or if the original</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">K. In any section entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> preserve the section’s title, and preserve in the section all the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> and/or dedications given therein.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">M. Delete any section entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> may not be included in the Modified Version.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">N. Do not retitle any existing section as “Endorsements”</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal"> or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may add a section entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">standard.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">imply endorsement of any Modified Version.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may combine the Document with other documents released under this</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">license notice.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">different contents, make the title of each such section unique by</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled “History”</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">in the various original documents, forming one section entitled</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">“History”; likewise combine any sections entitled “Acknowledgements”,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">and any sections entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">entitled “Endorsements.”</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">compilation. Such a compilation is called an “aggregate”, and this</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">are not themselves derivative works of the Document.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">8. TRANSLATION</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">permission from their copyright holders, but you may include</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">translation of this License provided that you also include the</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">between the translation and the original English version of this</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">License, the original English version will prevail.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">9. TERMINATION</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">parties remain in full compliance.</c>

<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this</c>
<c props="color:000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:14pt; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none; text-position:normal">License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of</c>
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